Flowing arms, skins that change colour in an instant, dance battles and petite males disguised as females to trick their rivals – the courting behaviour of the alien-like Giant Australian Cuttlefish would look more at home in a Star Wars night club.
Each year more than 100,000 of the bizarre creatures gather in South Australia’s Upper Spencer Gulf Marine Park in what is the only known mass aggregation of its kind in the world.
Nicknamed “the rock stars of the ocean” because they live fast and die young, cuttlefish have a life span of just 12-18 months. This makes each May to August breeding season critical because the number of surviving eggs one year directly impacts the number of adult cuttlefish that return the next year to breed.
Favourable conditions and a series of law changes, such as fishing bans, have helped the cuttlefish recover in recent years from 13,000 in 2013 to 120,000 in 2017. The 2018 count is yet to be finalised but local experts predict the figure to be higher than last year.
About a third of the 8km strip of rocky reef where the cuttlefish lay their eggs has been a marine park sanctuary since 2014.
The reef is at Point Lowly in the Spencer Gulf, some 20km east of Whyalla and almost 400km from the South Australian capital Adelaide.
Organised community dives have been run for the past three seasons, attracting hundreds of visitors from around Australia and overseas.
Natural Resources Eyre Peninsula Marine Parks Co-ordinator Dr Shelley Paull said recorded cuttlefish numbers peaked in the late 1990s at about 200,000 but declined due to a number of factors, including over fishing and fluctuating water temperatures.
She said Upper Spencer Gulf was typically made up of mangroves, sandy bottoms and sea grass beds, making the uncommon habitat of rocky reef around Point Lowly a natural drawcard for the cuttlefish.
“The boulders are ideal for them to place their eggs underneath and that’s why they head there every year because the habitat, salinity and temperature are perfect for them,” Dr Paull said.
“They get there when the water is really cold and as the temperature increases as we get towards spring the cuttlefish babies start to form.
“When they hatch after 3-5 months they’ve got to fend for themselves and to try not to encounter predators and when they’re big enough they will swim out and hang out in northern Spencer Gulf.”
Like octopus and squid, cuttlefish are cephalopods.
Giant Australian Cuttlefish, Sepia apama, are found all along the southern Australian coast in waters off of Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales.
However, Dr Paull said the cuttlefish in South Australia’s Upper Spencer Gulf had slightly different genetics from those found in other areas, so we know those aggregating in Upper Spencer Gulf don’t breed and rarely mix with those further south.
“Cuttlefish elsewhere tend to find a mate and breed at the meeting point, they don’t aggregate in these huge numbers so it’s really a quite unique thing that happens and we don’t find these aggregations anywhere else in the world for cuttlefish,” she said.
Also known as the chameleons of the sea, cuttlefish have special skin cells called chromatophores, which allow them to change the colour and texture of their skin within a second from blues to greens to purples and black to help them hide from predators, ambush prey and attract a mate.
Dr Paull said male cuttlefish flashed different colours in “dance battles” to win the attention of a female.
She said other less formidable males used their colour changing abilities to pretend to be female in an effort to trick the larger males and steal their mate.
“The boys do a kind of dance-off when they are trying to fight for a female and they will shimmer black and white colours up and down their bodies.
“The big males can be up to five kilograms and they fight each other and do this dance off to determine who gets to mate with the female but the little boys don’t have the size to fight so they have this behaviour where they pretend to be a female.
“They change their colour and they pull their arms in so they look quite small.
“Then they hover around where the females are. A big male will be guarding the female and it will see the mimicking one, think it’s a female and let it in and they will come in and quickly mate with the female and go out before the male notices it is a little cross dresser.”
The Spencer Gulf region of South Australia is known for its pristine waters and premium seafood including prawns, oysters, tuna and kingfish.
But the cuttlefish, which have been off the menu in Upper Spencer Gulf since 2013, are starting to bring other economic benefits to the area.
Whyalla is South Australia’s third largest city and is best known for its steel production. It is still recovering from an economic downturn that has marred the region for the past decade.
In recent months visitor numbers have skyrocketed as tourists come from far and wide to dive with the cuttlefish.
The Whyalla visitor information centre has seen a significant increase in foot traffic and snorkelling tours run by Experiencing Marine Sanctuariesattracted 540 participants across just two weekends in July. This was on top of the hundreds of divers who took to the water on private tours or on unguided dives using their own equipment.
Last month, the inaugural CuttleFest was held to celebrate the globally unique aggregation and educate visitors about the marine environment.
“There are more and more people every year and it’s so accessible – all you have to do is have the right gear and you can just walk into the water and just snorkel around,” Dr Paull said.
“A lot of the people who participate in our guided tours are first-time or inexperienced snorkelers so they can be a bit apprehensive but it opens up a whole new world for them – they squeal through their snorkels and they come out with these massive smiles and a new appreciation for the ocean world.
“In an area the size of your lounge room you can probably see up to 50 or 60 cuttlefish in some areas so people are just amazed and really thankful that they got the opportunity.”
Experiencing Marine Sanctuaries co-founder Carl Charter came up with the CuttleFest concept, which it ran in conjunction with Natural Resources Eyre Peninsula Marine Parks.
Charter has been diving for about 35 years and said swimming with the cuttlefish was one of the most unique experiences.
He has also filmed 360-degree underwater footage of the cuttlefish to be used for marine education and viewed through virtual reality goggles. The VR footage will make its debut this weekend at the Science Alive festival in Adelaide.
“I’ve been diving for about 35 years now around Australia and overseas as well but I always love coming back to South Australia, it’s such an incredible and diverse habitat to dive in,” Charter said.
“We’ve got eight pairs of VR goggles going to Science Alive and hopefully thousands of people get the chance to have a look over the weekend.”
Dr Paull said while education would play a significant role in maintaining cuttlefish numbers in the area, there were no guarantees they would continue to thrive.
“Cuttlefish are a bit of a boom and bust species – they only live for about 12-18 months – so the ones we saw this year are the eggs from last year’s cuttlefish,” she said.
“It’s hard to know if their numbers will keep growing but if something happens in the environment – a change in water temperature or pollution – then the numbers can really be impacted so we won’t really know until next year.”
“We can only hope that protection measures we have in place continue to benefit the cuttlefish population.”
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